TOEFL ooohh toefl

 

nothing wanna to think, except TOEFL

Toefl you look very charming, handsome,  for me....

I was take many ways to increase you....

please change >>>>>>>

your awful be helpfull,

your difficult be easy

your secret be public

your stingy be  philanthropist

oowww toefl, big hug for you....

LEADERSHIP IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS

 

 

LEADERSHIP IN PUBLIC ORGANIZATIONS

By: Montgomery Van Wart

·         Leadership is complex process involving numerous fundamentally, different types of act.

·         Leadership involves assessing one’s environment and one’s leadership straints

·         Leadership involves developing numerous leadership traits and skills

·         Leaders must refine and modify their style for different situation

·         Leaders achieve predetermined goals

·         Leaders continually evaluate their own performance

·         The most common dimentions of styles, such as leader control, goals and performance expectations, types of motivation used, and focus of the leader’s attention.

·         8 style in leadership (a directive style, a supportive, a delegative, in an achivement-oriented style, an inspirational style, a strategic style, a collaborative, a combined.

a novel approach to politics

Remember the plato was not a fan of democracy, and aristotle listed it among the bad forms of government.
 

this is genius people....  that make me angry with this picture.

next Global Political Economy

Global Political Economy

• government often enter regional trade agreements for political reasons.
• these include: enhancing security; improving their international bergaining position etc
• economic motivation for regionalism include acces to a larger domestic market; etc
• the new regionalism differs from the previous wave in that participating countries are typically using agreements to increase their integration into the world economy.
• corporation may prefer regionalism to global trade liberalization if it anables them to capture economies of scale while avoiding exposure to global competition
• the new regionalism is of such recent origin that the evidence regarding its effects remains inconclusive
• floating exchange rates have performed an important role in faciliting balance of payments adjustments, but critics argue that they have also been subject to short-term volatility and longer-term misalignments.
• the international monetery and financial system has undergone three important transformations since the late 19th century, in response to changing economic and political condition
• financial globalization has also had important distributive consequences along class, sectoral, and gender lines.
• financial markets have always been prone to bouts of instability.
• financial crisis generated policy innovations inside industrial states, and the pettern is repeating itself in many emerging-market nations.
• collaboration efforts, often through intrenationa; institution, can assist developing countries as they open their financial markets.
• international financial crises are usually more difficult to manage than domestic ones because of jurisdictional ambiguities.
• some basic level co-ordination is required in crisis management.
• for managing markets, the IMF has often tahen a lead role in attempting to resolve crises.
• Policy debates continue on effective mechanism for the restructuring of unsustainable debt in some developing nations.
• Economic globalization is conceived as having three logics: technics, economics, and politics.
• 3 types of theory associated with economic globalization: structural, conjuctural, and constructivist
• Understanding globalization as a historical process involves examining it in terms of three s[eeds of social change.
• 3 theories of economic globalization are therefore in principal complementary, producing a layered explanation from its structured to its contingent origins.
• The impact of globalization on the autonomy, capacity, and sovereignty of the nation state is much disputed.
• The globalization of production is not new, but the magnitude with which it takes place and the degree of fragmentation in global value chains is new.
• The increasing levels of global production cn be measured in both the dramatic increases in FDI and the increasing importance of trade in components.
• The increase in global production is a result of economic liberalization, improvements in transportation, and advances in technologies that facilitate modularization.
• Since the early 1980s, china has become a manufacturing powerhouse, and one of the world’s leading destinations for FDI
• The rise of global production creates new opportunities for developing countries, but also real risk’ first; for those that are unable to attract FDI, and second; for those able to attract FDI but unable to maximize the benefits for indegenous firms.
• Good governance was the key, including tackling corruption, holding free elections, and developing and envorcing property rights and contracts.

Global Political Economy

by: John Ravenhill >>>>>> 6th edition

1. Theoretical Approaches to Global Political Economy
2. Global Trade
3. Global Finance
4. Globalization and its consequences

most of the contemporary work in IPE focuses on positive theory that is attempting to explain why things happen, rather than on policy prescription.

• The contemporary System is more closely intergrated than in any previous area.
• The modern world economy came into existance in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries
• advances in technology were the main driving force behind the integration of markets, and they facilitated the enormous growth in investment and migration in the nineteenth century.
• state did not negotiate any significant institutionalization of international economic relations in the inter-war period
• the field of international political economy emerged in the early 1970s in response to developments in the world economy, in international security, and in the study of economics and international relations.
• IPE is the best defined  by its matter rather than as a particular theory or methodologi.
• the contemporary study of IPE is characterized by the application of a wealth of theories and methodologies.

•  THEORETICAL TRADITION IN GLOBAL POLITICAL ECONOMY
• introductory IPE teaching usually revolves around a presumed trichotomy which defines the field, liberalism versus realism vs marxism
• the TRICHOTOMY are often presented as ideologies (requiring true believers) rather than as theories (requiring constant reflection and formulation).
• the international trade regime based on three components: trade, national regulations, and international agreements.

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Social Development

by: Ross D. Parke, Alison clarke-Stewart

1. theories, themes, and tools for discovery
2. early tasks of social development
3. contexts of social development
4. processes and products of social development
5. policy and prospect 

• the field of social development includes descriptions of social behaviors, individual differences in social behavior, and changes in social behavior with age as well as explanation for these changes and differences
•  the scientific of social development began with Darwin's work in the 1800s.
• social development can be approached from a variety of perspectives and it is often helpful to draw in several theories to explain children's development.